There are a range of integrated circuits that most of us would regard as definitive examples of their type, devices which became the go-to for a particular function and which have entered our ...

Using just two NAND or inverter gates its possible to build a D type (or ‘toggle’) flip-flop with a push-button input. At power-up the output of gate N2 is at a logical ‘1’, ensuring that transistor T2 ...

This CMOS two-input combination NAND/NOR gate is a three-input, fourpin logic gate. A p-channel enhancementtype MOSFET (Q1) and an n-channel enhancement-type MOSFET (Q4) form one complementary ...

The evolution in CMOS technology dictated by Moore's Law is clearly beneficial for designers of digital circuits, but it presents difficult challenges, such as lowered nominal supply voltages, for ...